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The social production of pathology and Social Anxiety Disorder
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ICSPP Forum  |  DSM  |  DSM and labelling  |  The social production of pathology and Social Anxiety Disorder « previous next »
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godfree
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The social production of pathology and Social Anxiety Disorder
« on: July 06, 2007, 10:18:40 AM »

As a disorder, SAD has been thought significantly under diagnosed, largely due to the fear that individuals with the disorder have concerning how they would be perceived if they reveal the extent of their social anxiety (Mennin, Fresco, Heimberg, Schneier, Davies, & Liebowitz, 2002). This fear is not so irrational in that the clinician would perceive the individual as being sick and apply a heavily stigmatized label upon the individual.

The bio-psychosocial factors thought to instigate the disorder may likewise represent an accurate assessment of a social reality. Culturally, a high premium is placed on uninhibited, extroverted, and socially proficient traits, and the knowledge that one’s traits are not valued, and are in fact considered pathological, makes fears of disapproval quite rational. Additionally, if one is functioning out of their perceived qualification (such as a poor or working class individual defying stereotypic expectations), then extroversion could be an invitation for retaliation and class enforcement. Not only could one’s true nature be exposed, but the person performing could be revealed an imposter, who ineffectively tried to embody characteristics culturally deemed desirable.

Put simply, individuals with SAD may have internalized the values of an individualistic society, which pathologizes those who do not embody relevant traits and qualities conducive to non-interdependence (a largely mythological state). Traits which began as functional shyness, may be complicated by messages of disapproval, resulting in maladaptive internalization of values inherently incongruent with individual strengths. This conflict between internalized values and inherited traits may create a very rational cognitive dissonance, like that found in individuals diagnosed with SAD. Educating the individual of the strengths found within introversive and introspective traits, which are otherwise socially depreciated, may better treat some symptoms of SAD. Aiding individuals to discern patterns of maladaptive socialization which pathologize inherent qualities can aid them in choosing what to internalize, and what to externalize, increasing the likelihood that social justice is achieved.

Though studies have found medication to be effective in the reduction of symptoms, gains are lost (symptoms return) as medication is discontinued (Bailey, 2002). Because of the resent proliferation of research, education, and treatment modalities biased towards the medical model, more effective psychosocial treatments are increasingly neglected, in favor of less effective or inappropriate pharmacological treatment (Bailey, 2002; Sharfstein, 2005).

Utilization of the DSM has been and will remain an interpretive and subjective endeavor. No one can come up with a list of mental health symptoms that will be universally interpreted, but instead, values and interpretations will guide the application of labels. The search for a genetic basis of mental illness will continue to find objective, biochemical / brain-imagery correlates, to subjective value laden labels, and they will continue to call this science.
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MaryHintz
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Re: The social production of pathology and Social Anxiety Disorder
« Reply #1 on: August 19, 2007, 11:25:58 PM »

I think I agree with what you are saying.   I was sent to a psychiatrist in 1960 I think mainly because of the stigma attached to my being quiet.   Other things caused the stigma too.   The biggest employer in the small town I grew up in was the State Insane Asylum and there was a family history of mental illness I was never told about.   

I remember sharing with a baby sitter when I was about four years old that I was scared to join in and play with the neighbor kids and being told I was supposed to play with other children and if I faced my fears I would get over them.   Facing my fears did get me over them but I was picked on by the other children because my joining their play was not a spontaneous thing.    It would have been better to trust my instincts and wait till I got invited or I wanted to join because I had some ideas to contribute.    Instead playing with other children was to me something I was real obligated to do.   

My nervousness around other people underwent a big improvement when I realized that sort of thing and stopped feeling so obligated to “overcome my fears.”    Often the instincts that cause me to be wary of getting mixed up with people have some validity to them.     

After I got away from the small town, I noticed I got a lot better when I became a part of social groups who accepted me as I was.    It is my opinion that is because I got away from the stigma of mental illness that was attached to my quietness by ordinary folks who knew my family history.

The anxiety disorders including Social Anxiety disorder were not added to the DSM manual until the 1980s.     I was diagnosed to have Schizoid Personality in 1963, but told that was only a formality and that I probably have no more problems than the average person.   

I found on the American Psychological Associations web site the email address of the psychiatrist whose boss made him put that diagnosis on me about 44 years ago.    I asked him if he thought I had Social Anxiety disorder instead.   He says he thinks my problem was social anxiety but does not say I have Social Phobia as he seems to prefer to call it.   

He has been on the committee that puts out the diagnosis manual for a long time.
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MaryHintz
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Re: The social production of pathology and Social Anxiety Disorder
« Reply #2 on: August 27, 2007, 05:16:31 AM »

When I was a child in the 1940s, I had the symptoms of Social Anxiety Disorder and the fact that I was raised to have opinions there was something wrong with it made it worse.    My getting over feeling that way seemed to be facilitated by my finding friends without that mentality who accepted me as I was and I think mothered me out of it. 

I’ve noticed that folks who make a to-do about that I am quiet will stifle me if I start talking.   I gather they may be concerned that I may be crazy and if they let me talk or show much initiative in other ways they might not know how to handle me.   

Seeing a therapist was not my idea and feeling bad emotionally really started as a result of seeing one.   For one thing I had family members who were indiscreet about spreading the information I was in therapy and found myself being treated differently.   

Seeing a therapist was confusing because I did not have the sophistication to deal with it.  My religious upbringing clashed with their thinking for one thing.  It caused me to have all kinds of questions that I stayed in therapy to find the answers too.    At some point maybe twenty years later,  I heard some ideas in a sermon that helped me to realize I don’t have to have the answers and felt a big sense of relief.     On the other hand while I was in therapy I felt under pressure and not allowed to be at peace about what they worried me about.   

What I needed years ago was to have in my life a bunch of ordinary folks who accepted me and nurtured me and such as that.    The drugs they put me on made me feel bad and it was never official that my lack of energy and other stuff was the drugs.   Such side effects tended to be blamed on my mental health.    If I did not take the drugs, I got in terrible shape which never seemed to be blamed on the drugs.    With the help of doctors and a knowledge of Chemistry I weaned myself off by small increments.   

My homosexual brother had some therapy where they talked about him having an absent father and a non nurturing mother.    I gather from a TV program I watched on EWTN that is a different opinion from the one that his sexual orientation is something he was born with.    I encountered the same opinions about my parents in my therapy.    I think my Mom could be described as a hostage taker.    She discouraged my friendships and never wanted me to get a job as maybe a part of keeping me somebody she could control.
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MaryHintz
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Re: The social production of pathology and Social Anxiety Disorder
« Reply #3 on: September 16, 2007, 07:55:25 AM »

I feel I could have been mothered out of my symptoms of Social Anxiety Disorder and that some of the thinking behind the medical model of mental illness influenced the some folks in my childhood to not put any effort into that sort of thing.  My lost post was about how folks with the opposite opinion worrying me about their thinking.

I think the 1940s and 50s when I was growing up and maybe more so before that were a time when psychology was controversial when it came to that sort of thing.  The religious right was rebelling against being accused of damaging kids with talk of hell fire and brimstone and that sort of thing.   The idea that encouraging folks to be good worked better than scaring them into the idea was in the air too.   

I attended a Catholic School taught by elderly nuns.  I was told the reason we got the old ones was we could not afford to pay them.   We never got to share in class according to my memory.   They seemed to lack enthusiasm and have burn out.    When I went to college I was overwhelmed by the fact that class participation was expected.   

Another problem with the school I attended was the type of kids we had.   They kept the windows busted so that we had no heat during high school.   The bad boys sat on the radiators and hooted and hollered at the nuns during classes.  After graduating from high school over half the boys in my senior class got together on committing a gang rape for which they got sent to prison.   

They were dressed as gang members during their high school years and used to threaten me with knives and things of that sort.  It was a racial thing because I was the only non Hispanic girl in the school.     I did not have much opportunity to learn or come to have confidence in my verbal skills because the language spoken outside of class was Spanish.   They did not let me speak it.    Starting when I was preschool age their parents had them believing Anglo parents do not want their kids to learn Spanish. 

I kind of gathered at the time that the lack of a belief in concerning themselves about our emotional well being was part of a rejection of antireligious thinking that was found in pop psychology.   

When I got into therapy gathered that the idea that the environment did not cause me any problems was connected with their need to get along with and not alienate the other people in my life.   

I think both of the schools of thought that I encountered during my growing up years were taking thier ideas to extremes.
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MaryHintz
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Re: The social production of pathology and Social Anxiety Disorder
« Reply #4 on: September 16, 2007, 09:50:11 AM »

There is an opinion that if you try to change things they get worse.    That applies to my experience.   The opinion that there was something wrong with my being quiet caused pressure to change with resulted in my becoming self conscious and more quiet.   

The folks who made a to-do about that I was quiet stifled any improvement  in me.  It may have been a part of not wanting to have to change their opinion or be disapproved of by their peers for spreading a false opinion.   Their opinions set them up as my betters and had I overcome the problem like they were shaming me I should they would no longer have that status in my life.   

Those adults in my childhood who were deliberately non nurturing because they deemed themselves wise about child psychology were changing themselves against their grain on the idea.   Their stifling their normal instincts to give the children the nurturing they normally want because they are not supposed to need it was trying to change everybody concerned against their grain.   It brought out the worst in everybody concerned.   

The school died of bankruptcy because those parents who disagreed and maybe had the financial means to improve things removed their kids from the school.
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godfree
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Re: The social production of pathology and Social Anxiety Disorder
« Reply #5 on: November 11, 2007, 11:20:45 AM »

I agree and relate to much of what you write. You seem to have made much insight into the sources of social incongruence you experience in your life. Personally, I have increasingly come suspect social hierarchy as the primary culprit in the generation and maintenance of what we typically conceive of as “mental illness.” The primary mind parasite generated by our indulgence in experiences of superiority, is an inevitable experience of inferiority. Where as we may feel in control and superior in one instance, we will also find ourselves in circumstances where the rules of hierarchy and social positioning predetermine our lack of control and participation. In essence, I think we are socialized to be passive or dominating and simply don’t know how to be cooperative, and consistently engaged as constructors of our own experience. That is, we often become passive participants in life, and blame others for our experiences. Imagine trying to blame some one who is absolutely equal to you in deserving respect, love, and nurturance. Blame becomes something of a mute point. Blame becomes the absurdity that it is, and you become a consistently active agent in determining your experience of reality.
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